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15832 Communication Requirements during Teleconsultation Teleconsultation involves a referring site and an expert site Between the two sites, three kinds of communications are required: 1 Images transmitted from the referring physician or general radiologist site to the expert site 2 Synchronization of manipulations of displayed images at both sites 3 Voice conversation between the referring physician and the expert Of these three types of communications, image transmitting involves a large amount of data, so the images normally can be preloaded before the consultation session starts unless it is an emergency case (emergency service requires high-speed network connection between two sites) Image preloading can be done with various kinds of network, for example, high-speed ATM network, T1 line, or Internet 2 To synchronize the manipulation operations on displayed images at both sites, the generated events must be exchanged in real time between the two sites.

Because the events are usually very short messages, even conventional telephone lines (DS-0 line with 56 Kbits/s) can be used to transmit this kind of message in real time if the maximum message length is less than 2200 bits [ (56 Kbits/s)/(2200 bits)] and the image repainting rate, after the image is processed, is less than 25/s Although audio conversation is a real-time on-line procedure, it also can be carried out through the telephone line 15833 Hardware Con guration of the Teleconsultation System Based on the communication analysis the concept of distributed image data storage, and the expert model of teleradiology a real-time teleconsultation system for the two sites the expert site, and the general physician or radiologist site can be designed The hardware con guration of the teleconsultation system at each site includes: 1.

one WS linked to the other by an Ethernet, ATM, or modem connection, 2 high-resolution display boards that can be con gured to support single or dual monitors, 3 high-resolution gray scale monitor (dual monitors as option), and 4 one telephone for audio communication Figure 1513 shows a simpli ed teleconsultation connection between two sites 15834 Software Architecture Two key software features in the teleconsultation system are the synchronization of user operations and the exchange of messages in real time between local and remote sites To achieve these features, the consultation WS needs message routing, an interpretation function module, an authoring function, and standard display and manipulation functions similar to a PACS WS The following are the basic modules: 1 2 3 4 Image display graphic user interface for display and teleconsultation Database manager for image display and teleconsultation authoring.

In most digital data transmission systems the dispersive linear channel encountered exhibits amplitude and phase distortion. As a result, the received signal is contaminatedby Intersymbo1 Interference (ISI). In a system, which transmits a sequenceof pulse-shaped information symbols, the time domain full response signalling pulses are smeared hostile dispersive by the channel, resulting in intersymbol interference. At the receiver, the linearly distorted signal has to be equalized in order torecover the information. The equalizers that are utilized to compensate for the IS1 can be classified according to their structure, the optimising criterion and the algorithms used to adapt the equalizer coefficients, which are summarized in Figure 2.1. On the basis of their structures, the equalizers can be classified as linear or decision feedback equalizers. Each of these structures will be discussed at a later stage with more emphasis on the Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). Equalizers can also be distinguished on the basis of the criterion used to optimise their coefficients. The optimization is governed by the performance criteria used. For example, when applying the mean square error criterion (MSE), the equalizer is optimised such that the mean squared error between the distorted signal and actual transmitted signalis minthe imized. Various optimization criteria will be discussed in the following sections, with more emphasis on the MSE criterion.

Memory manager for image data memory management Image processor for processing image..

Making Over Multiple Images into Panoramas (continued)

4.26 In an experiment,the expectationof the nth observationis describedby Ewn = gn ( 9 ) with real parameters cp = (919 2 ~ 3 ) The 3 x 3 Cram&-Rao lower bound matrix for ~ . unbiased estimationof cp is \k. Expressthe Cram&-Rao variancesfor the complexparameter vector 8 = (cpl cpz jcp3 cp2 - jcp# in those for cp.

A discretization strategy results in mesh entities that are geometrically adjacent to, and share a portion of their boundary with, other mesh entities. In a classical three-dimensional unstructured discretization, the elements are simple polyhedrons

where X and Z are lower triangular with positive diagonal entries. Then, by comparing entries on both sides of the squared identity: